Open government and a free exchange of information. Knowledge goods have an increasingly high initial cost and an increasingly low marginal cost of reproduction. This requires public funding for social knowledge generation, and open source public information when produced. Apart from the political benefits of transparency, it will also provide significant positive externalities and reduce the enormous waste of replicated research. As Linus Torvalds, the initial and chief developer of the Linux kernel puts it, "the future is open source everything" [citation needed].